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''The Magpie'' ((フランス語:La Pie)) is an oil-on-canvas landscape painting by the French Impressionist Claude Monet, created during the winter of 1868–1869 near the commune of Étretat in Normandy. Monet's patron, Louis Joachim Gaudibert, helped arrange a house in Étretat for Monet's girlfriend Camille Doncieux and their newborn son, allowing Monet to paint in relative comfort, surrounded by his family. Between 1867 and 1893, Monet and fellow Impressionists Alfred Sisley and Camille Pissarro painted hundreds of landscapes illustrating the natural effect of snow (''effet de neige''). Similar winter paintings of lesser quantity were produced by Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Gustave Caillebotte, and Paul Gauguin. Art historians believe that a series of severe winters in France contributed to an increase in the number of winter landscapes produced by Impressionists.〔; ; For the range of 63 major works produced from 1867–1893, see Moffett et al. 1999. This arbitrary time period was established for the first ''Impressionists in Winter: Effets de Neige '' exhibition, based on historical reports of severe winters collected by curators.〕 ''The Magpie'' is one of approximately 140 snowscapes produced by Monet. His first snowscape, ''A Cart on the Snowy Road at Honfleur'', was painted sometime in either 1865 or 1867, followed by a notable series of snowscapes in the same year, beginning with the ''Road by Saint-Simeon Farm in Winter''. ''The Magpie'' was completed in 1869 and is Monet's largest winter painting. It was followed by ''The Red Cape'' (1869–1871), the only known winter painting featuring Camille Doncieux.〔Moffett et al. 1999〕 The canvas of ''The Magpie'' depicts a solitary black magpie perched on a gate formed in a wattle fence, as the light of the sun shines upon freshly fallen snow creating blue shadows. The painting features one of the first examples of Monet's use of colored shadows, which would later become associated with the Impressionist movement. Monet and the Impressionists used colored shadows to represent the actual, changing conditions of light and shadow as seen in nature, challenging the academic convention of painting shadows black. This subjective theory of color perception was introduced to the art world through the works of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Michel Eugène Chevreul earlier in the century. At the time, Monet's innovative use of light and color led to its rejection by the Paris Salon of 1869. Today, art historians classify ''The Magpie'' as one of Monet's best snowscape paintings.〔Arts Council of Great Britain 1957, p. 43: "Perhaps Monet's greatest snow landscape."; : "This, Monet's finest snowscape..."; : "...one of the most magnificent snow scenes in his entire oeuvre..."〕 The painting was privately held until the Musée d'Orsay acquired it in 1984; it is considered one of the most popular paintings in their permanent collection. ==Background== (詳細はEugène Boudin (1824–1898) introduced Monet (1840–1926) to the art of painting ''en plein air''—"in the open air", using natural light. The invention of the collapsible metal paint tube (1841) and portable easel brought painting, formerly confined to studios, into the outdoors. Boudin and Monet spent the summer of 1858 painting nature together. Like Boudin, Monet came to prefer painting outdoors rather than in a studio, the convention of the time. "If I have become a painter," Monet said, "I owe it to Boudin." The landscape paintings of Dutch painter Johan Barthold Jongkind (1819–1891) influenced both Boudin and Monet and contributed to the development of early Impressionism. After meeting Jongkind in Sainte-Adresse in 1862, Monet began to cultivate an interest in Jongkind's perspective on the changing conditions of the landscape. From Jongkind, Monet learned to substitute optical color for local color.〔: "...Jongkind discovered how the so-called "local color" changes with the seasons...It suddenly came to him that for the artist appearance, not reality, was the determining factor...the only thing that did matter was the atmospheric condition at a given moment. He shared this revelation with Monet, who, in turn, experimented by making two paintings of a road in Normandy from the same vantage point—the first one under a cloudy sky, and the second when the road was covered with snow."〕 "Complementing the teaching I received from Boudin, Jongkind was from that moment my true master," Monet later reminisced. "It was he who completed the education of my eye". This new way of seeing, a shift from a conceptual to a perceptual approach, formed the basis for Monet's ''Haystacks'' (1890-1891), a series of 25 works showing the effects of dynamic atmospheric conditions over time on a single haystack motif. Gustave Courbet (1819–1877) had been painting ''effets de neige'', "snow effects", from as early as 1856,〔Courbet, Gustave (1856). ''Trees in the Snow''. National Galleries of Scotland.〕 in a landscape style preferred by Japanese, Dutch, and Flemish artists. Influenced by Courbet, Monet painted his first snowscape, ''A Cart on the Snowy Road at Honfleur'' (1865 or 1867).〔(Musée d'Orsay ): "With this choice of theme, Monet was following in the footsteps of Courbet who had tackled snowscapes in a number of genre scenes. But unlike the older painter, whose principal motif remained the stag and the hunter and who produced many anecdotal scenes, Monet painted an almost deserted landscape, where the cart and its occupant play a very minor role." The painting was originally dated 1865 by Monet. However, correspondence by painter Alexandre Dubourg points to a later date of 1867. In , Eliza Rathbone notes that the date is disputed by scholars.〕 A journalist observed: We have only seen him once. It was in the winter, during several days of snow, when communications were virtually at a standstill. It was cold enough to split stones. We noticed a foot-warmer, then an easel, then a man, swathed in three coats, his hands in gloves, his face half-frozen. It was M. Monet, studying a snow effect.〔 Published in October 1868, but the anecdote is thought to refer to the previous winter.〕 In ''A Cart on the Snowy Road at Honfleur'', Monet avoided the usual hunting genre and motifs used by Courbet. Instead, he focused on light and color in a new way by reducing the number of shades. Monet chose an earth tone color scheme and increased the number of shades of blue to highlight reflections on the snow. Monet followed ''A Cart on the Snowy Road at Honfleur'' with a notable series of snowscapes in 1867 including ''Road by Saint-Simeon Farm in Winter''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「The Magpie (Monet)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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